Coastal flooding from high surges and extreme waves induced by hurricanes and tsunamis significantly threatens low-elevated regions. Moreover, the sea level rise, derived from climate change, has resulted in shorelines advancing towards the land, exacerbating the flooding-induced damage in coastal communities. It is necessary to implement coastal structures to mitigate the influence of extreme flooding on coastal regions. Seawalls, submerged breakwaters, and mangrove forests have been constructed worldwide to attenuate wave overflows and damage in near-coast areas. However, studies on the comprehensive intercomparison of the protective performance of each measure against flooding to provide guidelines in coastal design and planning have yet to be limited. Therefore, the current study conducted experimental and numerical models to investigate the efficiency of natural (mangroves) and man-made (seawall and submerged breakwater) structures in mitigating forces, pressures, and hydrodynamics generated by overflows in a series of building arrays characterizing coastal communities.
